MycoKeys 98: 273-297 (2023)
DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.98.107093

(93 MycoKeys

Pleomorphic Dematiomelanomma yunnanense gen. et sp. nov.
(Ascomycota, Melanommataceae) from grassland vegetation
in Yunnan, China

Ying Gao'?8®©, Tingfang Zhong*>®, Jayarama D. Bhat®’®, Antonio Roberto Gomes de Farias*®,
Turki M. Dawoud®, Kevin D. Hyde?8®, Weiqiang Xiong®®, Yunju Li®'°®, Heng Gui'*®, Xuefei Yang*®,
Shixi Wu®®, Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe'*©

Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Honghe 654400, Yunnan, China

1
2 School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand

3 Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand

4 Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy

of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China

University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO. Box 2455, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia

Science and Technology on Aerospace Chemical Power Laboratory, Hubei Institute of Aerospace Chemotechnology, Xiangyang, 441003, Hubei, China

5
6
7 Biology Division, Vishnugupta Vishwavidyapeetam, Ashoke, Gokarna 581326, India
8
9

The State Phosphorus Resource Development and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Centre, Yunnan Phosphate Chemical Group Co. Ltd, Kunming, China
10 YTH Modern Agriculture Development Co. Ltd, Kunming, China
Corresponding authors: Shixi Wu (shixi_wu@outlook.com); Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe (dnadeeshan@gmail.com)

OPEN Qaceess

Academic editor: N. Wijayawardene
Received: 27 May 2023

Accepted: 3 July 2023

Published: 25 July 2023

Citation: Gao Y, Zhong T, Bhat JD,
Gomes de Farias AR, Dawoud TM,
Hyde KD, Xiong W, Li Y, Gui H, Yang
X, Wu S, Wanasinghe DN (2023)
Pleomorphic Dematiomelanomma
yunnanense gen. et sp. nov.
(Ascomycota, Melanommataceae)
from grassland vegetation in
Yunnan, China. MycoKeys 98:
273-297. https://doi.org/10.3897/
mycokeys.98.107093

Copyright: © Ying Gao et al.

This is an open access article distributed under

terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License (Attribution 4.0 International -
CC BY 4.0).

Abstract

During a survey of microfungi associated with grasslands and related vegetation types
from Yunnan Province in China, various ascomycetous and coelomycetous fungi were
isolated. This study reports the discovery of four strains of ascomycetous and coe-
lomycetous fungi from dead stalks of Hypericum monogynum L. (Hypericaceae) and
Rubus parvifolius L. (Rosaceae) in the Zhaotong region of Yunnan Province, China. The
isolates were characterized using multi-locus phylogenetic analyses and were found to
represent a new monophyletic lineage in Melanommataceae (Pleosporales, Dothideo-
mycetes). This new clade was named as Dematiomelanomma yunnanense gen. et sp.
nov. which consists of both sexual and asexual morphs. The sexual morph is charac-
terized by globose to subglobose ascomata with a central ostiole, cylindrical asci with
a pedicel and ocular chamber, and muriform, ellipsoidal to fusiform ascospores. The
asexual morph has synanamorphs including both brown, muriform macroconidia and
hyaline, round to oblong or ellipsoidal microconidia. These findings contribute to the
understanding of fungal diversity in grasslands and related vegetation types in Yunnan
Province, China.

Key words: Asexual morph, Greater Mekong Subregion, molecular phylogeny, muriform,

Pleosporales, sexual morph, taxonomy

Introduction

Melanommataceae is a species-rich family in the order Pleosporales and
currently encompassing 351 species (Banki et al. 2023) which have diverse

273

Ying Gao et al.: Dematiomelanomma yunnanense gen. et sp. nov.

lifestyles viz., fungicolous, hyperparasitic, parasitic or saprobic (Tian et al.
2015; Hashimoto et al. 2017; Wijayawardene et al. 2017; Beenken et al. 2020;
Hongsanan et al. 2020). The majority of species in this family have a wide
distribution in temperate and subtropical regions and are commonly found
on twigs or barks of various woody plants in terrestrial, marine, or freshwater
habitats (Hyde et al. 2013; Tian et al. 2015). The latest treatment of the family
by Wijayawardene et al. (2022a) accepted 35 genera in Melanommataceae.
Except for Asymmetricospora, Bicrouania, Calyptronectria, Exosporiella,
Mamillisphaeria, Melanocamarosporium, Navicella and Nigrolentilocus, all other
genera have available sequence data for molecular comparisons.

Melanommataceae is a family of fungi that has been studied extensively,
but few reports exist on its species found in China. Among the earliest reports
are Aposphaeria fugax (Saccardo 1921; Wei and Huang 1939), Aposphaeria pu-
nicina (Teng 1936), and Melanomma glumarum (Tai 1979). Subsequent stud-
ies have identified additional species, including Camposporium hyderabadense
(Matsushima 1980), Byssosphaeria jamaicana (Sivanesan and Hsieh 1989),
Melanomma cucurbitarioideum (Yuan and Barr 1994), and Navicella xinjiangen-
sis (Yuan and Barr 1994). More recent studies have introduced Seifertia shan-
grilaensis (Li et al. 2016), Fusiconidium aquaticum (Li et al. 2017), Alpinaria rho-
dodendri (Thiyagaraja et al. 2020), and Byssosphaeria phoenicis (Kularathnage
et al. 2022). Despite these findings, there is still much to learn about the fungal
diversity of Melanommataceae in China.

Grassland ecosystems are a vital component of the Earth’s land surface,
covering an area of 52.5 million km2 and providing numerous ecosystem
services (Bai and Cotrufo 2022). The plant species in this biome host var-
ious microorganisms, including fungi, with a broad spectrum of nutritional
modes (Karunarathna et al. 2022). Grassland ecosystems support a high di-
versity of fungi and are likely to harbor numerous undescribed taxa (Hyde et
al. 2020). However, human disturbance and climate change have been caus-
ing the rapid destruction and degradation of grasslands, leading to slow or
non-existent recovery of biodiversity and essential functions (White et al.
2000; Chen et al. 2018; Bardgett et al. 2021; Lugato et al. 2021; Buisson et
al. 2022; Zhu et al. 2022). Fungi are sensitive to environmental changes and
global warming, which may be triggering the extinction of many species that
cannot adapt fast enough to the rate of ecological change (Wanasinghe et
al. 2022). In order to mitigate species loss and understand their ecological
significance, extensive fungal sampling across various grasslands in dif-
ferent geographic regions is urgently required. Therefore, we are continu-
ously surveying the grassland-associated microfungi in Yunnan, China. As
a result, several strains of unknown species were isolated from different
plant hosts.

This paper describes a fungus associated with Hypericum monogynum and
Rubus parvifolius in the Zhaotong region as a new species in a new genus
(Dematiomelanomma) within Melanommataceae, with its phylogenetic posi-
tion being confirmed based on multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of ITS, LSU,
SSU, tef1-a and rpb2. Furthermore, we compared it with the known genera in the
family. This study provides insight into the grassland fungi in China and empha-
sizes that Zhaotong grasslands may have many undiscovered fungal resources
waiting to be described.

Mycokeys 98: 273-297 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.98.107093 274

Ying Gao et al.: Dematiomelanomma yunnanense gen. et sp. nov.

Materials and methods

Sample collection and isolation

Specimens were collected from the dead wood of Hypericum monogynum L.
(Hypericaceae) and Rubus parvifolius L. (Rosaceae) in Zhaotong, Yunnan, Chi-
na, during autumn. The local environment in Zhaotong features Poaceae as the
most abundant tree species and a typical plateau vegetation with a three-dimen-
sional monsoon climate at a maximum elevation of ~4000 m (Pei 2022). Sam-
ples were taken to the laboratory in plastic Ziplock bags for observation and
examination. Fungal specimens were rehydrated with tap water and examined
using an Olympus SZ-61 dissecting microscope. Single spore isolation of both
ascospores and conidia was conducted, and germinated spores were processed
by following the methods described in Senanayake et al. (2020). Pure cultures
were incubated at 26 °C for two weeks. The living cultures were deposited in
the Kunming Institute of Botany Culture Collection (KUNCC), and duplicates
were maintained in the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center
(CGMCC). Dried herbarium specimens (at room temperature) were deposited in
the herbarium of the Kunming Institute of Botany Academia Sinica (HKAS). The
Index Fungorum and Faces of fungi (FoF) numbers were obtained for the new
taxa (Jayasiri et al. 2015; Index Fungorum 2023). Data from the Greater Mekong
Subregion are deposited to the GMS database (Chaiwan et al. 2021).

Morphological observations

Ascomata and conidiomata were hand-sectioned using a sterilized razor blade.
Internal structures such as asci, ascospores, hamathecium tissues, conidio-
phores, and conidia were mounted on a slide in a drop of tap water using a
sterilized needle to observe the micromorphological characteristics. These fea-
tures were examined under a Nikon ECLIPSE Ni-U complex microscope with
differential interference contrast (DIC) and phase contrast (PC) illumination.
Images of microscopic structures were captured using a Nikon DS-Ri2 camera.
Photo plates and measurements were processed using Adobe Photoshop CS6
Extended version 13.0.1 (Adobe Systems, CA, USA). Wherever possible, at least
30 measurements were taken. For morphological structures, mean, minimum,
maximum and standard deviation were calculated. Structural dimensions are
reported as mean + standard deviation.

DNA extraction, PCR amplification and DNA sequencing

Fungal mycelia grown on PDA for 2-3 weeks were scraped using a sterilized scal-
pel and transferred to 1.5 mL centrifuge tubes. The extraction of genomic DNA was
performed using these fresh mycelia following the methods of Wanasinghe et al.
(2016), using the Biospin Fungus Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (BioFlux, Hangzhou,
PR. China) following manufacturer guidelines. Also, genomic DNA from the fresh
fruiting bodies was extracted using an E.Z.N.A. Forensic DNA Kit-D3591 (Ome-
ga Biotek, Inc) following the manufacturer’s protocol for further confirmation of
our single spore isolations. The reference DNA for the polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) were stored at 4 °C for regular use and at -20 °C for long-term usage.

MycoKkeys 98: 273-297 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.98.107093 275

Ying Gao et al.: Dematiomelanomma yunnanense gen. et sp. nov.

The genomic DNA was used to amplify gene regions 18S small subunit rDNA
(SSU), 28S large subunit rDNA (LSU), internal transcribed spacers (ITS), transla-
tion elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-a) and RNA polymerase second largest sub-
unit (rpb2) as described in Wanasinghe and Mortimer (2022). The total volume
of PCR mixtures for amplification was 25 pL containing 8.5 uL ddH,0, 12.5 pL
2xF8FastLong PCR MasterMix (Beijing Aidlab Biotechnologies Co.Ltd), 2 uL of
DNA template, 1 tL of each forward and reverse primers (stock of 10 pM). The
PCR thermal cycle profiles for ITS, LSU, SSU and tef1-a: the thermal conditions
included initial denaturation at 94 °C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles of denatur-
ation at 94 °C for 10 s; annealing temperatures at 55 °C for 15s, elongation at 72
°C for 20 s, and final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. The PCR amplification con-
dition of rpb2 was set as denaturation at 95 °C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles
of denaturation at 95 °C for 45 s, annealing temperatures at 57 °C for 50 s, elon-
gation at 72 °C for 90 s, and final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. The amplified
PCR fragments were then sent to a private company for sequencing (Shanghai
Sangon Biological Engineering Technology and Service Co., Ltd., China).

Alignment and phylogenetic analyses

Sequence contigs of SSU, LSU, ITS, tef7-a and rpb2 gene regions were assem-
bled, trimmed, and manually checked using BioEdit v. 7.0.5.3 (Hall 1999). The
consensus sequences generated in this study were supplemented by additional
sequences obtained from GenBank (Table 1) based on BLAST searchers and the
past literature (Wanasinghe et al. 2018; Pem et al. 2019; Hongsanan et al. 2020;
Hyde et al. 2021; Tennakoon et al. 2021). Multiple sequence alignments with
individual gene datasets were generated with MAFFT v.7. online platform (Katoh
et al. 2019) and trimmed with TrimAl v. 1.3 (Capella-Gutiérrez et al. 2009) via the
web server Phylemonz2 (http://phylemon.bioinfo.cipf.es/utilities.html; accessed
on 1 January 2023). Individual datasets were concatenated into a combined
dataset using BioEdit v. 7.0.5.3. The individual and combined datasets were sub-
jected to maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian (BI) phylogenetic inference.
The FASTA format of the combined datasets was converted to PHYLIP for-
mat via the Alignment Transformation Environment (ALTER) online program
(http://www.sing-group.org/ALTER/; accessed on 1 January 2023) and used for
maximum likelihood analysis (ML). Maximum likelihood trees were inferred us-
ing RAXML-HPC2 on the XSEDE (8.2.12) (Stamatakis 2014) in CIPRES Science
Gateway v.3.3 (Miller et al. 2010) online platform using the GTR+GAMMA model
of nucleotide evolution with 1000 bootstrap replicates. The alignments contain-
ing SSU, LSU, ITS, tef1-a and rpb2 were converted to NEXUS format (.nxs) using
CLUSTAL X (2.0) and PAUP v. 4.0610 (Thompson etal. 1997; Swofford 2002). The
evolutionary models for BI analysis were selected independently for each locus
using MrModeltest v. 2.3 (Nylander et al. 2008) under the Akaike Information Cri-
terion (AIC). GTR+I+G was selected as the best-fit model for all five analyses and
processed for Bayesian inference analysis (Bl). BI analysis was conducted using
MrBayes on XSEDE (3.2.7a) (Ronquist et al. 2012) in CIPRES Science Gateway
v.3.3 setting GTR+I+G, six simultaneous Markov chains were run for 50,000,000
generations, and the trees were sampled for every 100" generation. The first 25%
of trees were considered burn-in and discarded. The two runs were considered
converged when the standard deviation of split frequencies dropped below 0.01.

Mycokeys 98: 273-297 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.98.107093 276

Ying Gao et al.: Dematiomelanomma yunnanense gen. et sp. nov.

Table 1. GenBank accession numbers of the strains used for phylogenetic analysis in this study. “*” Denotes ex-type,
ex-isotype, ex-paratype or ex-epitype strains. “t’ Denotes type species. Newly generated sequences are shown in bold.
NA: sequence data is not available.

GenBank accession no.

Species

Aposphaeria corallinolutea

MFLU 16-2412 MT177916 MT177943 MT177971 MT432199

MFLUCC 17-2015 MG543922 MG543913 MG547226 MG547224

NCYU 19-0073# MW063224 MWw079352 MW183787 NA
NA

Bertiella ellipsoidea

Bertiella fici

Beverwykella pulmonaria* KY189974 KY189974 — Ky190005 | = NAC KY189990
Cyclothyriella rubronotata* KX650571
Cyclothyriella rubronotatat KX650574
Dematiomelanomma yunnanense* 00413234
Dematiomelanomma yunnanense* - KUNCC 23-12730 | 0225529 | 00360648 | 00360652 | 00413239 00413236
Dematiomelanomma yunnanense* / CGMCC 3.23744 | 00225530 | 00360649 | 00360653 | 00413240 | 00413237
Dematiomelanomma yunnanense* - KUNCC 22-1267 | 09225531 | 09360650 | 09360654 | 00413241 — 0Q413235
Fusiconidium mackenziei* KX611116
Melanocamarosporium galiicolat NA

Melanocamarosporioides ugamicat NA

Melanocucurbitaria uzbekistanica* NA

Melanodiplodia tianschanicat MG829256
Melanodiplodia tianschanica*t MG829257
Phragmotrichum chailletii* MN313840

MycoKeys 98: 273-297 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.98.107093

277

Ying Gao et al.: Dematiomelanomma yunnanense gen. et sp. nov.

GenBank accession no.

ae seh ITS LSU SSU tef1-a rpb2
Phragmotrichum chailletii* CPC 33341 MN313813 MN317294 NA MN313859 MN313841
Phragmocephala garethjonesii MFLUCC 15-0018* KP698722 KP698726 KP698730 NA NA
Pleotrichocladium opacum* AU-BD04 JN995638 JN941370 JN938733 NA NA
Pleotrichocladium opacum* FMR 12416# KY853462 KY853523 NA NA NA
Praetumpfia obducenst WU 36895 KY189982 KY189982 NA KY190017 KY189998
Praetumpfia obducetis* CBS 141474# KY189984 KY189984 KY190008 KY190019 KY190000
Pseudobyssosphaeria bambusaet MFLU 18-0151* MG737556 MG737555 NA MG737557 NA
Pseudostrickeria ononidis MFLUCC 14-0949# NA KT934255 KT934259 KT934263 KT934264
Pseudostrickeria rosae MFLUCC 17-0643* MG828954 MG829065 MG829169 MG829234 NA
Pseudotrichia mutabilis SMH 1541 NA GU385209 NA NA NA
Pseudotrichia mutabilis WU 36923 KY189988 KY189988 NA KY190022 KY190003
Sarimanas pseudofluviatile KT760# LC001717 LC001714 LC001711 NA NA
Sarimanas shirakamiense* HHUF 30454* NR_138017 NG_059803 NG_061263 NA NA
Seifertia alpina ZT Myc 59953* MK502003 MK502026 MK502037 MK502083 MK502059
Seifertia azaleaet ZT Myc 59954 MK502004 MK502028 MK502038 MK502085 MK502061
Tumularia aquatica CBS 212.46# MH856165 MH867689 NA NA NA
Tumularia tuberculata* CBS 256.84 NA GU301851 NA GU349006 NA
Uzbekistanica rosae-hissaricae* MFLUCC 17-081 9# MG828975 MG829087 MG829187 MG829242 MG829262
Uzbekistanica yakutkhanika MFLUCC 17-0842* MG828978 MG829090 MG829190 MG829245 MG829265

AU-BD: Personal collection of Gareth Griffith; CBS: Culture Collection of the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Netherlands; CPC: Personal collection
of PW. Crous, Netherlands; FMR: culture collection of the Faculty of Medicine at the Rovira i Virgili University, Spain; GKM: Personal collection of George K.
Mugambi; HHUF: Herbarium of Hirosaki University, Fungi, Japan; KT: Personal collection of Kazuaki Tanaka; KUNCC: Kunming Institute of Botany Culture
Collection, China; MAFF: Genebank Project of NARO, Japan; MFLUCC/MFLU: Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection, Chiang Rai, Thailand; NCYU:
National Chiayi University Herbarium, Taiwan, China; NFCCI: National Fungal Culture Collection of India; SMH: Personal collection of Sabine M. Huhndorf;
TASM: Tashkent Mycological Herbarium of the Institute of Botany, Uzbekistan; ZT Myc: Fungal collection of the ETH (Eidgendssische Technische Hoch-
schule) Zurich, Switzerland.

The Fig Tree v 1.4.0 program (Rambaut 2012) was used to visualize the phy-
logenetic trees and reorganized in Microsoft PowerPoint before being saved in
PDF format and finally converted to TIFF format using Adobe Photoshop CS6
Extended version 13.0.1 (Adobe Systems, CA, USA).

In this paper, we follow the guidelines of Aime et al. (2021), Chethana et al.
(2021) and Pem et al. (2021) when introducing new species.

Results

Phylogenetic analysis

The combined sequence data of SSU, LSU, ITS, tefl-a and rpb2 comprised 62
strains of Melanommataceae and Cyclothiyriella rubronotata (CBS 121892 and
CBS 141486) as outgroup taxa (Fig. 1). Atotal of 4,678 characters, including gaps,
were obtained in the phylogenetic analysis, viz. SSU = 1-1,020 bp, LSU = 1,021-
1,867 bp, ITS = 1,868-2,398 bp, tef1-a = 2,399-3,828 bp, rpb2 = 3,829-4,678 bp.
The RAXML analysis of the combined dataset yielded a best scoring tree with a
final ML optimization likelihood value of -25464.925021. The matrix had 1513
distinct alignment patterns, with 30.36% undetermined characters or gaps.

MycoKeys 98: 273-297 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.98.107093 978

Ying Gao et al.: Dematiomelanomma yunnanense gen. et sp. nov.

j ia tianschanica TASM 6112
eoy oe Melanodiplodia tianschanica TASM 6

Melanodiplodia tianschanica TASM 6111 Melanodiplodia
Melanodiplodia tianschanica MFLUCC 17-0805
99/1 .00 Melanocamarosporioides ugamica MFLU 17-0064 Melanocamarosporioides
N Muriformistrickeria rubi MFLUCC 17-2550
Muriformistrickeria rubi MFLUCC 15-0681 Muriformistrickeria

mony 7
|

Muriformistrickeria rosae MFLU 16-0227

* | Alpinaria rhododendri KT 2520
Alpinaria rhododendri CBS 141994
Herpotrichia juniperi CBS 200.31 Herpotrichia
Melanocamarosporium galiicola MFLUCC 13-0545 Melanocamarosporium
*T Seifertia azaleae ZT Myc 59954

Alpinaria

66/0.97

pian 2 Seiferti
98/-- Seifertia alpina ZT Myc 59953 Sige
98/1.00 4 Phragmotrichum chailletii CPC 33263
Phragmotrichum chailletii CPC 33341 yearclesiaeunle TEs
: Petrakia echinata WU 36922 Ronee
Petrakia echinata CBS 133070
Melanocucurbitaria uzbekistanica MFLUCC 17-0829 Melanocucurbitaria
Marjia uzbekistanica TASM 6122 erie
68/- Marjia tianshanica TASM 6120
: Pseudotrichia mutabilis SMH 1541 BSSUCONTe idl
Pseudotrichia mutabilis WU 36923
w Herpotrichia xiaokongense KUMCC 21-0004 Herpotrichia
Herpotrichia macrotricha GKM 196N
f Tumularia tuberculata CBS 256.84
ig !
Tumularia aquatica CBS 212.46 a aos
98/1.00
86/1.00 Pleotrichocladium opacum FMR 12416 ePyarrancrahc tiie

791.091" Pleotrichocladium opacum AU-BD04
?1/1.90— $arimanas pseudofluviatile KT760

é : Sarimanas
Sarimanas shirakamiense HHUF 30454
Monoseptella rosae MFLUCC 17-0815 Monoseptella
96/0.98 -~ Byssosphaeria macarangae MFLUCC 17-2655 Econ enciene
a Byssosphaeria taiwanense MFLUCC 17-2643
3 ; <a Neobyssosphaeria clematidis MFLUCC 17-0794 Neobyssosphaeria
—_ Bertiella ellipsoidea MFLUCC 17-2015 Romatcy
x2 Bertiella fici NCYU 19-0073
42 Pseudobyssosphaeria bambusae MFLU 18-0151 Pseudobyssosphaeria
92/0.99 Fusiconidium mackenziei MFLUCC 14-0434 Fusiconidium
Camposporium septatum MFLUCC 19-0483
95/K1.00 Camposporium dulciaquae MFLU 21-0015 Bonneosoners

Phragmocephala garethjonesii MFLUCC 15-0018

Ph hal
Phragmocephala atra MFLUCC 15-0021 POE OES GeUe

i Pseudostrickeria ononidis MFLUCC 14-0949 ; ;
Pseudostrickeria
Pseudostrickeria rosae MFLUCC 17-0643 vad oh
78/0.98 Ne ee *_!Aposphaeria corallinolutea MFLU 16-2412 Aposphaeria
88/0.99 Aposphaeria corallinolutea MFLU 15-2752
* [Praetumpfia obducens WU 36895 ;
71/0.98 : ‘ p f f
a a Praetumpfia obducetis CBS 141474 ec ahaa
Uzbekistanica rosae hissaricae MFLUCC 17-0819
kist
labekisianica yakufkhanika MFLUCC 17-0842 yo ele
Gemmamyces piceae CBS 141759 Gemmamyces
ite Gemmamyces piceae CBS 141555
7 ik 99 Melanomma japonicum KT 3425
Melanomma japonicum MAFF 239634 Melanomma
Melanomma pulvis pyrius CBS 124080
Beverwykella pulmonaria CBS 283.53 Beverwykella
- Cyclothyriella rubronotata CBS 121892 '
0.05 Cyclothyriella rubronotata CBS 141486 SS asa Sac sca Sioa

Figure 1. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree resulting from a RAxML analysis of the combined (SSU, LSU, ITS, tef1-a and rpb2)
alignment of the analyzed genera in Melanommataceae. The tree is rooted with Cyclothiyriella rubronotata (CBS 121892
and CBS 141486). Bootstrap support values for ML equal to or greater than 70% and the Bayesian posterior probabilities
equal to or higher than 0.95 PP are indicated above the nodes as ML/PP. Branches with an asterisk (*) indicate ML = 100%
and PP = 1.00. Ex-type, ex-isotype, ex-paratype or ex-epitype strains are in bold, and the new isolate is indicated in blue.

MycoKeys 98: 273-297 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.98.107093 979

Ying Gao et al.: Dematiomelanomma yunnanense gen. et sp. nov.

Parameters for the GTR + | + G model of the combined amplicons were as fol-
lows: Estimated base frequencies; A = 0.244284, C = 0.245141, G = 0.266746,
T = 0.243829; substitution rates AC = 1.669345, AG = 5.027956, AT = 1.689378,
CG = 1.259972, CT = 11.771779, GT = 1.000; proportion of invariable sites
| = 0.573815; and gamma distribution shape parameter a = 0.523908. The
Bayesian analysis ran 1161000 generations before the average standard devi-
ation for split frequencies reached below 0.01 (0.009966). The analyses gen-
erated 11611 trees from which 8709 were sampled after 25% of the trees were
discarded as burn-in. The alignment contained a total of 1516 unique site pat-
terns. The ML and BI analyses showed similar tree topologies and were con-
gruent. The clade and genera arrangement in the present study agrees with
Tennakoon et al. (2021).

Four strains of our new species, Dematiomelanomma yunnanense (KUNCC
22-12677, CGMCC 3.23744, KUNCC 23-12728 and KUNCC 23-12730), nested
as a monophyletic clade with 100% ML and 1.00 PP support values (Fig. 1).
This clade has a sister affiliation to Muriformistrickeria rubi, Muriformistrickeria
rosae, Melanocamarosporioides ugamica and Melanodiplodia tianschanica in
Melanommataceae. Besides establishing a new genus, our multi-gene phylog-
eny also clarifies intergeneric relationships within Melanommataceae. In par-
ticular, we note that all the genera (except Camposporium) herein are monophy-
letic lineages.

Taxonomy

Dematiomelanomma Wanas., Y. Gao, H. Gui & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov.
MycoBank No: 848034
Facesoffungi Number: FoF 14046

Etymology. The generic epithet comes from combining the words Dematio and
Melanomma, meaning brown spores in Melanommataceae.

Description. Saprobic on dead woody stalks. Sexual morph: Ascomata soli-
tary or gregarious, superficial, black, globose to subglobose, ostiolate. Ostiole
central, papillate or apapillate, filled with hyaline cells. Peridium multi-layered,
comprising cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising of hyaline,
filamentous, branched or unbranched, septate pseudoparaphyses. Asci eight-
spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindric-clavate, with a pedicel,
rounded and thick-walled at apex, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores uniseri-
ate, sometimes overlapping, muriform, ellipsoidal to fusiform, narrowly round-
ed at ends, initially hyaline, becoming brown at maturity, with transverse sep-
tum appearing first, later becoming vertically septate, smooth-walled, with a
mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Synanamorphic. Conidiomata pycnidial,
solitary or gregarious, mostly superficial, obpyriform, dark brown to black, osti-
olate. Ostiole single, circular, centrally papillate with periphyses. Conidiomatal
wall multi-layered, thick-walled, dark brown, composed of cells of textura an-
gularis, inner layer with hyaline cells. Macroconidiogenous cells enteroblastic,
annellidic, integrated, indeterminate, doliiform, smooth-walled, hyaline, arising
from the innermost layer of pycnidial wall. Macroconidia medium brown to dark
brown, ellipsoidal to fusiform, phragmosporous to muriform, curved to straight.
Microconidiogenous cells present or absent in cultures; when present, hyaline,

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Ying Gao et al.: Dematiomelanomma yunnanense gen. et sp. nov.

integrated, enteroblastic, percurrently annellidic, ampulliform to subcylindrical.
Microconidia present or absent; when present, hyaline, round to oblong or ellip-
soidal, with small guttules.

Type species. Dematiomelanomma yunnanense Y. Gao, Wanas., H. Gui &
K.D. Hyde.

Dematiomelanomma yunnanense Y. Gao, Wanas., H. Gui & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
MycoBank No: 848038

Facesoffungi Number: FoF 14016

FIGS:2,.9

Etymology. The specific epithet “yunnanense” refers to Yunnan Province, where
the holotype was collected.

Holotype. HKAS 124666.

Description. Saprobic on decaying stalk of Rubus parvifolius and Hypericum
monogynum . Sexual morph: Ascomata 360-440 um high x 425-500 um diam.
(X = 396 x 460 um, n = 10), mostly gregarious, black, globose to subglobose,
superficial, ostiolate. Ostiole central, minute papillate, filled with hyaline cells.
Peridium 30-60 um thick (xX = 47 um, n = 30), irregularly multi-layered, com-
prising brown to black cells of textura angularis, with inner layer composed
of flattened, hyaline cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium composed of
1-2.5 um (X = 1.7 um, n = 30) wide, septate, hyaline, branched pseudopara-
physes. Asci (165-)180—223(-—232) x (18-)19-25(—26) um (x = 200 x 22 um,
n = 20, SD = 22 x 3.3), eight-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, pedi-
cellate, apically rounded, thick-walled at apex, with a minute ocular chamber.
Ascospores (27-)29-33(-34) x (9-)10.2-12.6(—14.5) um (X = 30.8 x 11.4 um,
n= 30, SD = 2x 1.2), muriform, with 3-7 transverse septa, and 1-3 vertical sep-
ta, with transverse septum appearing first, then vertical septa gradually emerge,
mostly ellipsoidal or fusiform, rounded at both ends, initially hyaline, becoming
dark brown at maturity, constricted at septa, smooth-walled, with a mucilagi-
nous sheath. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 240-360 um high x 185-245 um
diam (X = 279 x 214 um, n = 10), pycnidial, solitary or gregarious, superficial, ob-
pyriform, dark brown to black, ostiolate. Ostiole 122-134 um high x 57-62 um
wide (x = 125 x 60 um, n = 5), single, centric, circular, with hyaline periphyses,
ostiolate, e single, circular, centrally papillate with or without periphyses. Con-
idiomatal wall multi-layered, 30-50 um wide (X = 34 um, n = 30), composed of
brown cells of textura angularis, with inner layer comprising hyaline cells. Mac-
roconidiogenous cells (5—-)5.5-8.7(-9.7) x (4-)5.8-8(-9.5) um (x = 7 x 7 um,
SD = 1.6 x 1.3 um, n = 20), enteroblastic, annellidic, integrated, indeterminate,
doliiform, smooth-walled, hyaline, arising from the inner wall cells of pycnidial
wall. Macroconidia (30-)32.5-37.5(—39) x (8-)10-12(-14) um (x = 35x11 um,
SD = 2.5 x 1.2, n = 30), medium brown to dark brown, ellipsoidal to fusiform,
phragmosporous to muriform, with 6-9 transverse septa, and 1-2 longitudinal
septa, 1-2 oblique septa, curved to straight.

Culture characteristics. Ascospores germinated on PDA within 20 hours,
and germ tube initially produced from the 2 ends of the ascospores. Colonies
on PDA reaching 25 mm in 3 weeks at room temperature (25-27 °C), irreg-
ular, center is slightly raised, panniform, mycelium grows on the surface of

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Ying Gao et al.: Dematiomelanomma yunnanense gen. et sp. nov.

nSs=
Figure 2. Sexual morph of Dematiomelanomma yunnanense (HKAS 124667) on decaying stalk of Rubus parvifolius L.
a, b ascomata in face view c vertical section of the ascoma d pseudoparaphyses e an ascospore in Indian Ink to show
a sheath f-h ascospores i-I Asci m germinating ascospore n, o surface and reverse of colony on PDA. Scale bars: 100
um (c); 10 um (d—h); 50 um (i-l).

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Ying Gao et al.: Dematiomelanomma yunnanense gen. et sp. nov.

Figure 3. Asexual morph of Dematiomelanomma yunnanense on a dead stalk of Hypericum monogynum L. (HKAS
124666, holotype) a, b conidiomata in face view ec, d vertical section of conidiomata e vertical section of the base of
the pulvinate-structure f conidioma wall g conidiogenous cells arising from the wall and developing conidia h vertical
section through ostiole i developing stages of conidia j-p conidia q geminating conidia r cultures on PDA from above
s cultures on PDA from reverse. Scale bars: 100 um (e, d); 50 um (e); 30 um (f); 10 um (g); 20 um (h); 30 um (i); 15 um
(j-I); 10 um (m-p); 20 pm (q).

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Ying Gao et al.: Dematiomelanomma yunnanense gen. et sp. nov.

PDA, brown from the above, brown in the center gradually becoming yellow to-
wards the edges from the below. Conidia germinating on PDA within 24 hours.
Colonies on PDA reaching 20 mm in 2 weeks at 25-27 °C, circular, slightly
raised, floccose, white from the above and yellowish from the center and be-
low, smooth with filamentous edge. Mycelium 2-3 um broad, (X = 2.5 um, n =
30), septate, hyaline, branched and sporulated after 24 weeks. Asexual morph
on PDA (Fig. 4): Conidiomata 60-155 um high x 62-145 um diam (x = 123 x
119 um, n = 10), pycnidial, gregarious, immersed to superficial, globose to sub-
globose, dark brown to black, ostiolate, with clear gelatinous substance at the

Figure 4. Asexual morph of Dematiomelanomma yunnanense from the culture (CGMCC 3.23744) on PDA a, b colony of
the sexual morphic stage after 24 weeks on PDA (b from the bottom) c-e conidiomata f conidioma wall g mycelium
h conidiogenous cells arising from the wall and developing conidia i conidia. Scale bars: 100 um (e); 15 um (f); 30 um (g);
5 um (h); 15 um (i).

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Ying Gao et al.: Dematiomelanomma yunnanense gen. et sp. nov.

top. Peridium thin, composed of brown cells of textura angularis to globulosa.
Microconidiogenous cells (4.5—)6.5-8.6(-9) x (2.5-)3.5-6(-6.5) um (X = 7.5
x 4.7 um, SD = 1.1 x 1.2 um, n = 25), hyaline, integrated, enteroblastic, percur-
rently annellidic, ampulliform to subcylindrical. Microconidia (2.5—)2.7—3.6(-
5) x (1.6-)1.8-2.2(—2.5) um (X = 3.2 x 2 um, SD = 0.44 x 0.2 um, n = 30), hyaline,
aseptate, round to oblong or ellipsoidal, with small guttules.

Material examined. CHINA, Yunnan Province, Zhaotong city, Daguan County
Grassland (27°44'23"N, 103°47'59"E), on decaying stalk of Hypericum monog-
ynum, 21 August 2021, ZG7FB (HKAS 124666, holotype, asexual morph), ex-
type, KUNCC 23-12728. ibid., ZG7 (HKAS 127122, isotype), ex-isotype, KUNCC
22-12677. CHINA, Yunnan Province, Zhaotong city, Daguan County Grassland
(27°44'23"N, 103°47'59"E), on decaying stalk of Rubus parvifolius, 21 August
2021, Ying Gao, ZG11FB (HKAS 124667, sexual morph), living culture, KUNCC
23-12730. ibid.,ZG11 (HKAS 127123), living culture, CGMCC 3.23744.

Note. Four strains of Dematiomelanomma clustered in Melanommataceae
as a strongly supported monophyletic clade (Fig. 1) in both ML and BI of a
concatenated SSU, LSU, ITS, tefl-a and rpb2 dataset. Two specimens belong
to the sexual morph (KUNCC23-12730, CGMCC 3.23744) collected on decay-
ing stalks of Rubus parvifolius and two asexual morphic coelomycetous fungi
(KUNCC 23-12728, KUNCC 22-12677) were collected on the decaying stem of
Hypericum monogynum from grassland in Zhaotong, Yunnan. There was no sig-
nificant difference between the morphological characteristics of these sexual
morphic specimens or asexual morphic specimens and DNA-based sequence
comparisons of these collections. Therefore, we introduce them as different
collections of Dematiomelanomma yunnanense sp. nov.

Discussion

In this study, we described and illustrated a new species in a new genus of mi-
crofungi, Dematiomelanomma yunnanense from dead stalks of Hypericum
monogynum and Rubus parvifolius from Zhaotong, Yunnan, based on morpho-
logical and molecular analyses (Figs 1-4). Dematiomelanomma yunnanense is
introduced with both asexual and sexual morphological features. Pleomorphy,
the variation in morphology and structure among different taxa, is a common
characteristic of several fungi (Rossman et al. 2015). This variability can be ob-
served in various characteristics such as color, shape, and size of the fruiting
body, as well as in the conidial and ascospore structures. Two levels of pleo-
morphy, teleomorphosis-anamorphosis and pleoanamorphy (synanamorphs),
can be observed in fungi (Rogerson 1988). Data on teleomorph-anamorph con-
nections and pleoanamorph connections, together with the analysis of conidi-
um ontogeny, are important considerations in the taxonomy of Ascomycota. In
recent years, knowledge regarding pleomorphy and its dramatic examples has
increased significantly (Rossman et al. 2016). The family Melanommataceae is
known for its pleomorphism, particularly in morphology and structure among
teleomorph-anamorph connections. For instance, Exosporiella fungorum has
brown, fusiform 1-septate ascospores and 4 transversely septate, brown, ob-
long conidia (Tian et al. 2015). Pseudostrickeria ononidis has ellipsoidal, brown,
muriform ascospores, while their conidia are aseptate, brown, and globose to
subglobose (Tian et al. 2015). Gemmamyces piceae has broadly ellipsoid, brown

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Ying Gao et al.: Dematiomelanomma yunnanense gen. et sp. nov.

muriform ascospores, and vermiform, hyaline conidia with 7-33 septa (Jaklitsch
and Voglmayr 2017). Praetumpfia obducens has ellipsoidal, muriform pigmented
ascospores in the sexual morph and oblong to cylindrical, 1-celled, hyaline co-
nidia in the asexual morph (Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2017). Pseudodidymella fagi
has fusiform, 1-septate, hyaline ascospores and pyrenochaeta-like, hyaline, ellip-
soidal conidia (Hashimoto et al. 2017). Uzbekistanica rosae-hissaricae has ellip-
soidal, brown, muriform ascospores, and U. yakutkhanika has 1-septate, oval to
ovoid conidia (Wanasinghe et al. 2018). Muriformistrickeria rubi has ellipsoidal,
muriform, brown ascospores and hyaline, unicellular conidia (Tian et al. 2015).
Interestingly, even in the sexual morph within the genus of Muriformistrickeria,
pleomorphism can be observed, with M. rosae having hyaline ascospores while
M. rubi has pigmented ascospores at maturity (Tian et al. 2015; Wanasinghe et al.
2018). The pleomorphism observed in the family Melanommataceae highlights
the diversity of this group of fungi and emphasizes the importance of careful
taxonomic identification based on morphological and molecular characteristics.

The asexual morph of this new fungus produces both macro- and micro-co-
nidia in their life cycle (synanamorphs). A quick sporulation using minimal
nutrient requirements helps the fungi to escape from unfavorable conditions
quickly. Therefore, producing asexual spores (conidia) is beneficial for a fun-
gus, especially to survive under adverse environmental conditions via the dis-
persal of a sufficient number of spores to many potentially viable sites. The
species in Ascomycota produce several types of asexual spores, such as mac-
roconidia, microconidia, and chlamydospores. Some species, such as Neuros-
pora crassa have variations even among the microconidia, i.e. blastoconidia,
arthroconidia through micro-conidiogenesis (Maheshwari 1991). However, the
production of microconidia is normally suppressed in most of the Ascomycota.
It is evident that microconidia should provide some advantages to the life cycle
of the fungal species capable of producing them. For example, microconidia
produced by Metarhizium acridum are more thermo tolerant than typical aerial
conidia (Zhang et al. 2010). The retention of microconidia development indi-
cates biological meaning in nature (Jung et al. 2014). Therefore, it is important
to understand this process in the evolutionary context.

The sexual morph of Dematiomelanomma morphologically resembles the
genera such as Gemmamyces, Marjia, Melanocucurbitaria, Muriformistricke-
ria, Praetumpfia, Pseudostrickeria and Uzbekistanica in having muriform asco-
spores in Melanommataceae (Wanasinghe et al. 2018). Although there is some
morphological overlap between Dematiomelanomma and the genera mentioned
above, except Muriformistrickeria (Table 2), they are not closely associated in
the phylogenetic analyses. In the phylogenetic analyses, Dematiomelanomma
is monophyletic with Melanocamarosporioides, Melanodiplodia and Muriform-
istrickeria (Fig. 1). However, their macroconidia are different. Melanocama-
rosporioides has camarosporium-like conidia (Pem et al. 2019), Melanodiplodia
has diplodia-like conidia (Wanasinghe et al. 2018), and Muriformistrickeria has
phoma-like conidia (Tian et al. 2015) whereas Dematiomelanomma produces
camarographium-like conidia (Wijayawardene et al. 2016). Furthermore, the
sexual morph of the Dematiomelanomma and Muriformistrickeria are different
in their asci and ascospore characteristics (Table 3). Most sexual genera of
Melanommataceae have trabeculae which are narrow, frequently anastomos-
ing pseudoparaphyses which are embedded in a gelatinous matrix (Liew et al.

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Ying Gao et al.: Dematiomelanomma yunnanense gen. et sp. nov.

Table 2. Synopsis of sexual morphic features of the phylogenetically closely related species to Dematiomelanomma

yunnanense.
. " Ascospores
Species Ascomata Asci Reference
Shape Septa
Dematiomelanomma | Globose to subglobose, | Fissitunicate, cylindrical, Muriform, mostly ellipsoidal or 3-7 transversely This study
yunnanense black, minute papillate. pedicellate, apically fusiform, narrowly rounded at the septate, and 1-3
rounded, thick-walled at | ends, initially hyaline, becoming dark vertical septa.
the apex, with a minute brown at maturity, smooth-walled,
ocular chamber. with a mucilaginous sheath.
Muriformistrickeria Globose or flattened, Fissitunicate, cylindrical Ellipsoidal, muriform, initially light 4-6 transversely Tian et al.
rubi semi-immersed to to cylindric-clavate, yellow, becoming yellowish-brown septate, with 2-4 (2015)
erumpent, dark brown | short pedicellate apically at maturity, conical and narrowly vertical septa.
to black, coriaceous, rounded, with an ocular rounded at the ends, lower cell
smooth, ostiolate. chamber. narrows and longer, smooth-walled,
with a thick mucilaginous sheath.
Muriformistrickeria Broadly oblong and Fissitunicate, cylindrical Overlapping 1—2-seriate, muriform, 3-4-transversely | Wanasinghe
rosae flattened, dark brown to cylindric-clavate, ellipsoidal to subfusiform, slightly septate, with 1 et al. (2018)

to black, coriaceous,
ostiolate.

pedicellate, thick-walled
at the apex, with minute

curved, upper part wider than the
lower part, hyaline, with rounded

vertical septa.

Table 3. Synopsis
ma yunnanense.

Species

Dematiomelanomma
yunnanense

Dematiomelanomma
yunnanense

Muriformistrickeria rubi

Melanocamarosporioides
ugamica

Melanodiplodia
tianschanica

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ocular chamber. ends, without a mucilaginous sheath.

of asexual morphic features of the phylogenetically closely related species to Dematiomelanom-

Conidia
Conidiomata Conidiogenous cells Reference
Shape Septa
Solitary or gregarious, Subglobose or cylindrical | Fusiform or long fusiform, mostly | 4-8 transverse | This study
superficial on the host, | to subcylindrical, hyaline, straight, infrequently slightly septa, and 1-2
globose to subglobose, smooth, arising from curved, pale brown when young, longitudinal
ostiolate. conidiomata wall. becoming dark brown at maturity. septa.
Gregarious, superficial Urn-shaped and Short cylindrical, subglobose, Aseptate This study
on PDA, subglobose, ampuliform, hyaline, hyaline when young, becoming pale
ostiolate, clear gelatinous smooth. brown at maturity.
substance at the top.
Mostly solitary, semi- Cylindrical to Oval to ovoid, widest in the Unicellular Wanasinghe
immersed to immersed subcylindrical, hyaline, center, apex obtuse, sometimes et al. (2018)
in the host, globose, the first conidium guttulate when young, initially
ostiolate, apapillate. produced holoblastically hyaline, becoming light brown,
and subsequent conidia moderately thick-walled, wall
enteroblastically forming | externally smooth, roughened on
typical phialides with the inner surface.
periclinal thickenings.
Scattered, solitary or Annelidic, holoblastic, Globose, ellipsoidal or ovoid 3-4 transverse | Pem etal.
gregarious, to erumpent, discrete oblong to with obtuse ends, hyaline at first, | septa and 1-3 (2019)
uniloculate, ellipsoidal ampulliform, hyaline to becoming pale brown to dark- longitudinal
to subglobose glabrous, | darkbrown, multiseptate, brown at maturity, smooth- and septa.
ostiolate. smooth-walled. thick-walled.
Pycnidial, stromatic, Cylindrical to Detached or still attached to Unicellular or | Wanasinghe
mostly solitary, semi- subcylindrical, hyaline, conidiogenous cells conidia, 1-septate. et al. (2018)

immersed to immersed,
globose, ostiolate,
apapillate.

the first conidium
produced holoblastically
and subsequent conidia
enteroblastically forming
typical phialides with
periclinal thickenings.

hyaline, sepia or blackish brown,
moderately thick-walled, wall
externally smooth, roughened on
the inner surface, oval to ovoid,
widest in the center, apex obtuse,
sometimes guttulate when young.

2000). In the case of Dematiomelanomma the pseudoparaphyses are similar to
trabeculae but differ in having swollen regions.

From the available literature, it appears that the macroconidia of Dematiomela-
nomma are similar to those of Amarenographium, Camarographium, Myxocyclus,
and Shearia. Among the Amarenographium species, Amarenographium ammophi-

287

Ying Gao et al.: Dematiomelanomma yunnanense gen. et sp. nov.

lae (Wijayawardene et al. 2016) and A. ammophilicola (Dayarathne et al. 2020)
have similar shaped and septate brown conidia to Dematiomelanomma, but they
are phylogenetically grouped with Phaeosphaeriaceae species. Camarographium
abietis (Grove, 1937) among the Camarographium species exhibits striking mor-
phological similarities to the new genus, with ellipsoidal to fusiform, muriform,
dark-pigmented conidia with oblique septa. However, due to the unavailability of
sequence data, the taxonomic placement of this fungus remains unclear. Myco-
Bank database (Crous et al. 2004) currently lists Myxocyclus cenangioides as the
valid name for Camarographium abietis. However, this treatment is not followed
by Index Fungorum (2023) or Species Fungorum (2023). The macroconidiog-
enous cells of Camarographium abietis appear cylindrical and relatively longer
(Grove, 1937) than those of Dematiomelanomma yunnanense, which are short
and doliiform. Myxocyclus polycystis also exhibits similar conidial morphology to
Dematiomelanomma, as reported by Tanaka et al. (2005) and Wijayawardene et
al. (2016). Saccardo (1908) and Barr (1982) suggested that Myxocyclus polycys-
tis might be the asexual morph of Splanchnonema argus based on their co-occur-
rence on the same host. Later, Tanaka et al. (2005) provided evidence of the con-
genetic relation of these morphs in culture. Moreover, Vu et al. (2019) provided
a putative sequence of the large subunit of Myxocyclus polycystis (CBS 222.77:
MH872821); however, this sequence did not closely affiliate with Melanommata-
ceae taxa in our primary phylogenetic analyses. Additionally, the acervular con-
idiomata of Myxocyclus polycystis is different from the pycnidial conidiomata of
Dematiomelanomma. Despite the morphological similarities between the macro-
conidia of Shearia and our new fungus, their phylogenetic affinity is not closely
related to Melanommataceae, as reported by Wanasinghe et al. (2020). Species
that lack distinctive characteristics for genus-level identification are often collec-
tively deposited in collections as “phoma-like”, resulting in more than 3,000 spe-
cies epithets being associated with this genus in the MycoBank database (Crous
et al. 2004). Therefore, the microconidia of the new genus are too superficial to
be compared with existing phoma-like genera.

The vegetation of Zhaotong grassland is composed of 20 plant families, with
Asteraceae, Caryophyllaceae, Gramineae, and Rosaceae being the most preva-
lent (Zhu et al. 2022). However, the ecological significance of Hypericum monog-
ynum and Rubus parvifolius, and their associations with microorganisms such as
fungi, is not well understood. Hypericum monogynum, a widely distributed shrub
in China's tropical and subtropical regions, has potential medicinal and ornamen-
tal value (Pan et al. 1993; Xi et al. 2007; Zeng et al. 2018; Wu et al. 2021). Rubus
parvifolius, an important traditional Chinese medicine, is often found in East and
South Asia (Roginsky et al. 1996; Yuan et al. 2006). While only six fungal species
have been reported from Hypericum monogynum (Zhang 2006; Kobayashi 2007),
22 species have been reported from Rubus parvifolius, mainly in China and Ja-
pan, with a few in Australia, South Korea, Canada, and Russia (Simmonds 1966;
Tai 1979; Katumoto 1980; Azbukina 1984; Ginns 1986; Cook and Dubé 1989; Liu
and Guo 1998; Cao and Li 1999; Lu et al. 2000; Zhuang 2001; Cho and Shin 2004;
Zhuang 2005; Priest 2006; Arzanlou et al. 2007; Kobayashi 2007; Zhuang 2012).
In conclusion, the potential ecological and economic significance of Hypericum
monogynum and Rubus parvifolius highlights the need for further research to un-
derstand their interactions with fungi in the grasslands of Zhaotong. Wijayawar-
dene et al. (2022b) emphasized the importance of tropical to subtropical regions

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Ying Gao et al.: Dematiomelanomma yunnanense gen. et sp. nov.

in discovering novel taxa, particularly with asexual reproduction. This study has
identified a new species in a new genus associated with grassland vegetation in
Zhaotong, Yunnan, China, suggesting that grasslands in this region have not yet
been fully explored and offer opportunities for new fungal discoveries. Therefore,
further investigations are required to better understand the fungal diversity and
their ecological roles in these grassland ecosystems.

Acknowledgments

Beinn Purvis at World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Kunming Institute of Botany, China,
is thanked for English editing. Shaun Pennycook is thanked for nomenclatur-
al advice. D. Jayarama Bhat and Turki M. Dawoud gratefully acknowledge the
financial support provided under the Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Pro-
gramme (DSFP), at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. We gratefully
thank the Biology Experimental Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kun-
ming Institute of Botany, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences for providing
molecular laboratory facilities.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.:
32001296) and the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of
Sciences Grant (No.: XDA26020203). CAS President's International Fellowship Initiative
Grant (grant number 2021FYB0005), the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
under the project code 32150410362, the Postdoctoral Fund from Human Resources
and Social Security Bureau of Yunnan Province, and the National Research Council of
Thailand (NRCT) grant “Total fungal diversity in a given forest area with implications
towards species numbers, chemical diversity and biotechnology” (No.: N42A650547).

Author contributions

Conceptualization: YG, JDB, DNW. Formal analysis: ARGF, DNW, YG. Funding acquisition:
HG. Methodology: DNW, YG, ARGF. Project administration: HG. Resources: TMD, YL, SW,
XY, HG, WX, TZ. Software: YG. Supervision: HG, KDH, DNW, ARGF. Writing - original draft:
YG. Writing - review and editing: KDH, HG, JDB, TMD, YL, ARGF, DNW, WX, XY, SW, TZ.

Author ORCIDs

Ying Gao © https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8671-1978

Tingfang Zhong ® https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2767-1347

Jayarama D. Bhat © https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3800-5910

Antonio Roberto Gomes de Farias © https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4768-1547
Turki M. Dawoud ® https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1444-4185

Kevin D. Hyde © https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2191-0762

MycoKeys 98: 273-297 (2023), DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.98.107093 999

Ying Gao et al.: Dematiomelanomma yunnanense gen. et sp. nov.

Weigiang Xiong © https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0210-1625

Yunju Li © https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7165-1984

Heng Gui ® https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0946-1589

Xuefei Yang © https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0986-2745

Shixi Wu © https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5601-733X

Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe ® https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1759-3933

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

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